What is compartment syndrome?

Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when pressure within a muscle compartment increases to a level that compromises the blood supply and nerve function within that compartment. This increased pressure can be due to a variety of factors such as swelling, bleeding, or tight bandaging following an injury. The muscle compartments are surrounded by a tough membrane called fascia, which doesn’t stretch. As the underlying tissues swell, the elevated pressure can lead to ischemia (lack of blood flow) and, if not addressed promptly, can result in permanent muscle and nerve damage.

Recognizing and treating compartment syndrome quickly is critical to preventing these complications. Early symptoms may include severe pain that seems disproportionate to the injury and is often described as a deep, aching pain that is exacerbated by passive stretching of the affected muscles. If left untreated, the condition can progress to motor and sensory deficits, and may ultimately require surgical intervention, such as fasciotomy, to relieve the pressure.

Understanding the nature of compartment syndrome is crucial for anyone involved in trauma care, as timely recognition and intervention are key to preserving the function of affected muscles and nerves.